Posts Tagged ‘Linux Command’
January 5th, 2012 | 
Author: Choosing a Linux host provider can be one of the biggest decisions that you make with an online business or website. Given the 
current rate of unreliable hosting operations, it is difficult to find a reputable, professional Linux host that doesn’t charge an arm and a leg. Finding a reliable host should be at the top of your priority list whether starting a new website, or growing an existing online presence. If your Linux hosting provider has even minutes of downtime, it can seriously affect your business. Because this is such an important decision, I have written this short tutorial on how to properly choose a Linux host provider, based on my years of experience as a freelance Linux server consultant.
The first and utmost consideration needs to be the reliability of a potential Linux hosting provider. Don’t be tricked into buying a Linux hosting account that is cheap, if the Linux hosting provider doesn’t have a stable network. Fortunately, the research on hosting reliability has already been done for you. Netcraft is the premier voice in network reliability surveys. Every month, Netcraft publishes a list of the top 50 Linux host providers with the best network reliability based on their tests. In addition, Netcraft also ranks the top hosting providers based on their network performance, which brings us to our next consideration.
Network performance is just as important as network reliability when selecting a hosting provider. If your hosting provider has a slow network, or intermittent network performance issues, you are going to lose customers and visitors to your website. There is nothing more frustrating than trying to browse a slow website, when you have high speed Internet access. Before you choose your Linux host provider, be sure and run a few network performance benchmarks at some of the Linux provider’s websites. The biggest tool to use for this is to search for the provider on Netcraft’s website- they’ve done all of the benchmarks for you.
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The first object-oriented language is generally acknowledged to be -67 developed in 1967. This language
never had significant following, although it greatly influenced the developers of several of the later object-oriented languages. This movement became active with the widespread availability of Smalltalk in the early 1980s, followed by other object-oriented languages, such as Objective C, C++, and Eiffel. The actual usage of object-oriented languages was limited at first, but object orientation attracted a lot of attention.
There were some early attempts to unify concepts among methods. In 1996, the Object Management Group (OMG) issued a request for proposals for a standard approach to object-oriented modeling. The emergence of UML appears to be attractive to the general computing public because it consolidates the experiences of many authors.
UML was developed in an effort to simplify and consolidate the large number of object-oriented development methods that had emerged. The combines the commonly accepted concepts from many object-oriented methods, selecting a clear definition for each concept, as well as a notation and terminology. The is seamless from requirements to deployment. The same set of concepts and notation can be used in different stages of development. It is not necessary to translate from one stage to another. This is critical for iterative, incremental development.
The is intended to model most application domains, including those involving systems that are large, complex, real-time or computation intensive. There may be specialized areas in which a special-purpose language is more useful, but is intended to be as good as or better than any other general-purpose modeling language for most application areas.
The is intended to be usable for systems implemented in various implementation languages and platforms, including programming languages, databases, 4GLs, and so on. The UML is a modeling language, not a description of a detailed development process. It is intended to be usable as the modeling language underlying most existing or new development processes, just as a general-purpose programming language can be used in many styles of programming. It is particularly intended to support the iterative, incremental style of development
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Listing the Linux /proc Directory Contents – A System Directory Below The / (Root) Directory
Logging In as “root equivalent” To See System Directories and the proc Directory
Run one of the following two commands to log in at the Linux prompt to “work as equivalent to root” to view the contents of the system directories and proc.
Type in su – and press Enter (be sure to use the dash with this command). Doing this makes you “equivalent to root” (unless you’re working with Ubuntu, Kubuntu, Edubuntu – or a variation of these distros).
If you’re using Ubuntu or a “derivative” of this distro, run “sudo -i” (without the quotes) to do the same as above.
The /proc Directory
This directory is the parent of a “virtual filesystem” and doesn’t actually exist on disk!
It is created in memory when Linux boots. And among other things, the files in this directory contain current settings that are used
by the kernel (which is the “core” of the operating system).
For example, the file named cpuinfo in this directory contains settings regarding the cpu (processor) in a system.
And the file named meminfo shows the way that memory is being used and the file named version contains information regarding the current version of the kernel.
List the items in the root directory. This shows several Linux system directories – and notice that the directory named proc appears in the output.
# ls /
Now list the items in the proc directory and notice the files named cpuinfo, meminfo and version in the output.
# ls /proc
The Linux cat command is used to output (display) the contents of a file (typically a text file), such as the files in /proc.
Run the Linux clear and cat commands as shown in the example below to clear the current screen output and see the contents of the cpuinfo file. A ; (semicolon) is used between these commands and be sure to put a space on each side of the semicolon.
# clear ; cat /proc/cpuinfo
This shows lots of information about the cpu in your system.
Press the up arrow key to have the command above appear again and press backspace to remove “cpuinfo” and type in meminfo to see memory information.
If necessary, you can scroll up through the output with the up arrow at the top right in your terminal emulation window.
And then repeat the steps above to see the contents of the file named version.
Now output the contents of both of the files below.
# clear ; cat /proc/version ; cat /proc/cpuinfo
The Linux uname command is commonly used to see system information and the -a option shows “all” information. This command gets the information for it’s output from the cpuinfo and meminfo files.
# uname -a
The Linux proc directory and command examples shown here apply to ALL Linux distributions, including Ubuntu, Debian, SUSE, openSUSE, Fedora, Red Hat and Slackware Linux.
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If you are thinking of switching to Linux or trying it out, there are some things that you need to know about as a newbie to Linux. It’s not quite as simple as downloading Linux and installing it to your machine. There are many different projects and things that you should know about to make your Linux experience better.
Different Distributions:
A distribution is a version of Linux. There are thousands of applications. Some groups of people take certain ones and package them together with certain settings. They do this so that everything is confirmed to work together in a logical format.
There are hundreds of distributions, but be sure to check out Ubuntu, openSUSE, Fedora, Arch, and Slackware. Each of these is a little different with different interfaces and applications.
Different Graphical User Interfaces – GUIs:
There are different interfaces that you will see in different distributions. The most popular are KDE and Gnome. There are also ones for slower, older computers like XFCE and Fluxbox. Try out each one of these until you find what you really want and enjoy using.
To a new user each one will look like a different operating system. In reality it is just a difference in the way you interact with programs and applications.
Different Settings:
You are going to be used to doing things a certain way if you have used a Mac or Windows. At first it’s going to be frustrating when you know how to do something on your old system but have not been able to figure it out with Linux yet. Take your time.
Be prepared to learn.
Linux is different than other operating systems. Be prepared to learn. If you approach Linux with the idea that you are exploring and learning new things, it can be fun. If you expect it to be perfect the first time you use it, be prepared for frustration.
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